Navigating complexity in offshore emergency response: lessons from the OMSAR 2024 exercise using effective management theory

Simple item page
dc.contributor.authorSamuel, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorSamsudin, Khairilmizal
dc.contributor.authorSansuddin, Nurulilyana
dc.contributor.authorMusa, Nor Azlan
dc.contributor.authorFernandes, Ashwin Anson
dc.contributor.authorJames, Nathaneal
dc.contributor.authorKamarudin, Ainul Husna
dc.contributor.otherRabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-29T12:01:46Z
dc.date.issued2026-06-22
dc.descriptionReferences: 54
dc.description.abstractEvaluating Large-Scale Emergency Exercises (LSEEs) within complex multi-agency landscapes remains a critical challenge for maritime transport governance. This paper analyses the OMSAR 2024 exercise—a multi-hazard simulation involving a support vessel collision and a mass maritime rescue operation along a critical 175-kilometre offshore transport corridor in Malaysia. Integrating the Five-Element Model of Effective Emergency Management with structured real-time observations from 37 subject matter experts, this study evaluates the operationalization of the Arahan NADMA No. 1 directive under intense logistical stress. Systematic refinement of 152 primary observer logs yielded 51 consolidated findings, exposing a critical disparity between tactical seamanship and systemic transport coordination. Severe procedural bottlenecks were concentrated in Resources & Logistics (25%) and Command Structure (22%), highlighted by a 40-minute ’command vacuum’ during vessel fleet handovers between corporate and state authorities. The findings demonstrate that inter-agency friction between separate maritime protocols undermines the Unified Command required for deep-water transport crises. We offer strategic policy interventions: standardizing maritime command triggers, digitalizing information systems for a Common Operating Picture, and institutionalizing biennial joint Emergency Preparedness and Response (EP&R) transit certifications to safeguard interdisciplinary maritime transport networks.en
dc.description.urihttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590198226002836
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.trip.2026.102118
dc.identifier.issn25901982
dc.identifier.issn2590-1982
dc.identifier.otherScopus EID: 2-s2.0-105042592389
dc.identifier.otherScopus ID: 105042592389
dc.identifier.otherArticle number: 102118
dc.identifier.otherArticle number: 102118
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102118
dc.identifier.urihttps://scholarlyworks.ra.ac.ae/handle/123456789/2518
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier BV
dc.relation.isreferencedbyBonvicini (2022). A methodology for Response Gap Analysis in offshore oil spill emergency management. *Mar. Pollut. Bull.*, *174*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113272
dc.relation.isreferencedbyMNSC, 2012 "Policy and Mechanism of Disaster in Malaysia".Prime Minister Department, 2012. 44.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyI. Silva dos Santos and A. Paula de Paula Martins, “Urgency and Emergency in Offshore Environment,” Health and Society, vol. 3, no. 01, 2023, doi: 10.51249/hs.v3i01.1196.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyN. J et al., “Challenges in managing emergency offshore: A comparison of offshore and onshore perspectives,” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., vol. 88, p. 105275, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105275.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyC. R. Soares and M. F. Freire, “Oil Spill Emergency Plan Exercises in E&P Offshore Activities in Brazil,” in SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, SPE, Apr. 2010. doi: 10.2118/126948-MS.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyBurton (2012). “How Oil spill Response Management, Exercises and Drills have Changed since the Gulf of Mexico and the Lessons Learnt,” in SPE Middle East Health, Safety, Security, and Environment Conference and Exhibition. *SPE*, 2.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyT. Sae-Jia and P. Sithisarankul, “Medical evacuations among offshore oil and gas industries in the Gulf of Thailand,” Int. Marit. Health, vol. 71, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.5603/IMH.2020.0021.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyH. Choi and E. Lee, “Comparative Analysis of Emergency Rescue Exercises for Large-Scale Disasters in Korea and Japan,” Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, vol. 20, no. 5, 2020, doi: 10.9798/kosham.2020.20.5.143.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyK. Samsudin, F. N. Ghazali, N. H. Abdul Ghani, M. F. Hussin, A. H. Kamarudin, and H. Kasri, “Effective Emergency Management: Scrutinizing the Malaysia Lead Responding Agency Planning and Information Management Approach During Disaster Exercise,” Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 2521–2534, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.47836/pjst.30.4.13.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyP. D. Biddinger, E. Savoia, S. B. Massin-Short, J. Preston, and M. A. Stoto, “Public health emergency preparedness exercises: Lessons learned,” Public Health Reports, vol. 125, no. SUPPL. 5, 2010, doi: 10.1177/00333549101250s514.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyS. Khairilmizal et al., “Criticality Of Sustainable Disaster Management Through Communication, Situational Awareness, And Resource Management,” Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, vol. 58, no. 2, 2023, doi: 10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.2.70.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyKhairilmizal (2018). Incident potential Index Model Complimenting Malaysia disaster Management Environment. *International Journal of Engineering & Technology*, *7*(3), 486.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyHussin (2018). The Role of Human Factors in Emergency Management: a Malaysian Company Perspective. *International Journal of Engineering & Technology*, *7*(3), 490.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyS. Khairilmizal, M. F. Hussin, K. Ainul Husna, K. Mohd Haikal, A. R. Hussain, and A. I. Mohd Yassin, “Effective Emergency Management : The Roles of Knowledge and Practice of Command Structure for Lead Responding Agencies,” Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, 2020, [Online]. Available: http://www.gbmrjournal.com/pdf/v12n1/V12N1-4.pdf.
dc.relation.isreferencedbySamsudin (2026). Architecture of preparedness: applying the iterative design for exercise assessment and learning (IDEAL) framework to multi-stakeholder exercises. *Social Sciences & Humanities Open*, *13*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102659
dc.relation.isreferencedbyNADMA, NADMA 01 - Dasar dan Mekanisme Pengurusan Bencana Negara. 2024.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyM. Rokonuzzaman, M. B. Ali, M. Z. Sadique, and B. K. Pramanik, “Working memory and team-working in an emergency: The impact of response information systems,” International Journal of Emergency Management, vol. 18, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.1504/IJEM.2023.129406.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyNecci (2019). Lessons learned from offshore oil and gas incidents in the Arctic and other ice-prone seas. *Ocean Eng.*, *185*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.05.021
dc.relation.isreferencedbyBennear (2015). Offshore oil and gas drilling: a review of regulatory regimes in the United States, United Kingdom, and Norway. *Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy*, *9*(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/reu013
dc.relation.isreferencedbyDaintith (2017). Offshore Petroleum Regulation: Theory and disaster as Drivers for Institutional Change. *Houst. J. Int. Law*, *39*(2), 331.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyAdumene (2023). Offshore oil and gas development in remote harsh environments: engineering challenges and research opportunities. *Saf. Extreme Environ.*, *5*(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42797-022-00057-1
dc.relation.isreferencedbyRahman (2020). A conditional dependence-based marine logistics support risk model. *Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf.*, *193*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106623
dc.relation.isreferencedbyY. I. Lee, P. Trim, J. Upton, and D. Upton, “Large emergency-response exercises: Qualitative characteristics - a Survey,” Simul. Gaming, vol. 40, no. 6, 2009, doi: 10.1177/1046878109334006.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyMoffat (2015). Investigating Non-technical skills through Team Behavioral Markers in Oil and Gas Simulation-based Exercises. *Procedia Manuf.*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.259
dc.relation.isreferencedbyMetallinou (2018). Single- and double-loop organizational learning through a series of pipeline emergency exercises. *Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management*, *26*(4), 530. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12214
dc.relation.isreferencedbyK. van Haperen, “The Value of Simulation Exercises for Emergency Management in the United Kingdom,” Risk Management, vol. 3, no. 4, 2001, doi: 10.1057/palgrave.rm.8240100.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyYoshioka (2005). “Emergency response planning exercises for oil spills caused by natural hazards”, in, International Oil spill Conference. *IOSC*, *2005*, 2005.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyIogp (2023). IOGP Safety performance indicators - 2022 data. *Wales, Jun.*.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyMizukoshi (2023). Case Study Research and applications. *Japan Marketing Journal*, *43*(2), 3.
dc.relation.isreferencedbySeim (2024). Participant Observation, Observant Participation, and Hybrid Ethnography. *Sociol. Methods Res.*, *53*(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124120986209
dc.relation.isreferencedbyLewis (2015). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among five Approaches. *Health Promot. Pract.*, *16*(4), 473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839915580941
dc.relation.isreferencedbyFlyvbjerg (2006). Five Misunderstandings about Case-Study Research. *Qual. Inq.*, *12*(2), 219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363
dc.relation.isreferencedbyVan Maanen (2017). The fact of fiction in organizational ethnography. *The Anthropology of Organisations*.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyM. R. Maidin, M. F. Hussin, N. A. Z. Zakaria, S. A. E. Ab.Rahim, and K. Samsudin, “A Comprehensive Framework for Crime Risk Assessment in Malaysia: Integrating Data-Driven Insights for Enhanced Public Safety,” International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 14, no. 11, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i11/23982.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyS. Sankaran, K. Ang, and S. Hase, “Delphi Method,” Journal of Systems Thinking, vol. 3, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.54120/jost.0000014.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyA. Spoto, M. Nucci, E. Prunetti, and M. Vicovaro, “Improving Content Validity Evaluation of Assessment Instruments Through Formal Content Validity Analysis,” Psychol. Methods, vol. 30, no. 2, 2023, doi: 10.1037/met0000545.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyK. A. Johnston, M. Taylor, and B. Ryan, “Emergency management communication: The paradox of the positive in public communication for preparedness,” Public Relat. Rev., vol. 46, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101903.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyEndsley (2017). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. *Situational Awareness*. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315087924-3
dc.relation.isreferencedbyI. Masudin, E. Lau, N. T. Safitri, D. P. Restuputri, and D. I. Handayani, “The impact of the traceability of the information systems on humanitarian logistics performance: Case study of Indonesian relief logistics services,” Cogent Business and Management, vol. 8, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1080/23311975.2021.1906052.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyR. Cole, “Inter-Rater Reliability Methods in Qualitative Case Study Research,” Sociol. Methods Res., vol. 53, no. 4, 2024, doi: 10.1177/00491241231156971.
dc.relation.isreferencedbySkryabina (2017). What is the value of health emergency preparedness exercises? a scoping review study. *Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct.*, *21*, 274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.12.010
dc.relation.isreferencedbyW. S. Pillow, “Confession, catharsis, or cure? Rethinking the uses of reflexivity as methodological power in qualitative research,” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, vol. 16, no. 2, 2003, doi: 10.1080/0951839032000060635.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyR. Berger, “Now I see it, now I don’t: researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research,” Qualitative Research, vol. 15, no. 2, 2015, doi: 10.1177/1468794112468475.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyZhang (2024). Resilience analysis of maritime transportation networks: a systematic review. *Transp. Saf. Environ.*, *6*(4), Sep.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyInnis (2021). Interprofessional education using a simulated disaster exercise. *J. Interprof. Educ. Pract.*, *22*.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyDr. S. Nomani, Dr. P. Barua, Dr. V. goyal, Dr. D. Mishra, and Dr. I. Khan., “Perception of Disaster Preparedness Among Emergency Physician in India,” Int. J. Adv. Res. (Indore)., vol. 5, no. 3, 2017, doi: 10.21474/ijar01/3498.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyL. K. Comfort, “Crisis management in hindsight: Cognition, communication, coordination, and control,” Public Adm. Rev., vol. 67, no. SUPPL. 1, 2007, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00827.x.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyMoynihan (2009). The Network Governance of Crisis Response: Case Studies of Incident Command Systems. *J. Public Adm. Res. Theory*, *19*(4), 895. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun033
dc.relation.isreferencedbyXiong (2023). “Research progress and application of emergency plans in China. *A Review”*.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyKarl E Weick and Kathleen M Sutcliffe, “Managing the unexpected: resilient performance in an age of uncertainty,” Choice Reviews Online, vol. 45, no. 06, pp. 45-3293-45–3293, Feb. 2008, doi: 10.5860/CHOICE.45-3293.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyW.T. Coombs Ongoing Crisis Communication : Planning, Managing, and Responding no. 2 4th ed., 2014 SAGE Publications Inc.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyT. Kedia et al., “Technologies Enabling Situational Awareness During Disaster Response: A Systematic Review,” Feb. 24, 2022, Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.196.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyI. Soujaa, J. A. Nukpezah, and T. Dimitrijevska-Markoski, “A Balanced Scorecard approach to the Homeland Security Evaluation and Exercise Program,” Risk Hazards Crisis Public Policy, vol. 15, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.1002/rhc3.12285.
dc.relation.isreferencedbyR. Renger et al., “Using the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) Building Block Approach to Implement System Evaluation Theory (SET),” American Journal of Evaluation, vol. 42, no. 4, 2021, doi: 10.1177/1098214020986619.
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.rightsCC BY
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.sourceTransportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives
dc.source.urihttps://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105042592389
dc.subjectMaritime Navigation and Safety
dc.subjectMaritime Security and History
dc.subjectSupply Chain Resilience and Risk Management
dc.subjectOperationalization
dc.subjectEmergency management
dc.titleNavigating complexity in offshore emergency response: lessons from the OMSAR 2024 exercise using effective management theoryen
dc.typeArticle
oaire.citation.volume38

Files

Collections

Scopus Publications